Pathology Facts from Previous Papers

·         High-dose diuretics can precipitate acute renal failure in nephrotics because the intravascular volume cannot be defended by the hypoalbuminemia.

·         Estrogens increase thyroxine-binding globulin, elevating total T4 and T3, whereas free T4, free T3, and TSH remain normal.

·         The tremor of hyperthyroidism is very high frequency and fine, unlike the tremors of Parkinsonism, asterixis, essential, and drug related.

·         Anti-HBs is the protective antibody in hepatitis B virus infection. Persons with anti-HBs are protected against reinfection with the virus. None of the other antibodies are protective.

·         In addition to lactulose, antibiotics decrease ammonia production by intestinal bacteria. Tetracycline is effective, as is ampicillin and metronidazole. Neomycin is effective, but it is absorbed some and can cause renal toxicity.

·         Thyroid lymphomas constitute about 5% of thyroid cancers and occur most often in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

·         The serum level of prolactin correlates roughly with the size of the tumor. Prolactin levels greater than 300 are most likely associated with macroadenoma. Increases in prolactin due to medications are usually less than 100. Microadenomas usually do not exceed levels of 200 to 300.

·         The consumption of alcohol leads to excessive loss of magnesium in the urine and thus lowers seizure threshold.

·         Normal human deploid fibroblasts stop proliferating in culture after 5O doublings

·         Both systemic and pulmonary embolism is seen in septal infarction.

·         The most common lesion in Wernicke’s encephalopathy is found in the mamillary bodies.

·         Laminin is the most abundant glycoprotein in the basement membranes

·         Monodermal teratomas are very uncommon and most frequently take the forms of struma ovarii or carcinoids.

·         “Lafora syndrome” is a progressive familial myoclonic degenerative disease affecting predominantly the basal ganglia, most patients dying by the age of 30 years.

·         Metastasis is the single most important feature distinguishing benign from malignant turnouts. Exception being I. Brain tuinours 2.Basal cell carcinoma of skin

·         In diabetic nephropathy, the cells of the distal portions of proximal convoluted tubules contain —Glycogen (Armanni ebstien lesion).

·         Histologic examination of islets of pts with type 1 DM show – Lymphocytic infiltration

Histologic examination of islets of pts with type 2 DM show – Amyloid deposition