·
INSPISSATION: Egg containing media
LJ Medium, Loeffler’s,
Dorsett, Petroff’s Medium
·
TYNDALLISATION:
Sugar or Gelatin Containing media
·
To enhance
pigment production of S.aureus: 5% Milk
addition, Glycerol acetate + NA
·
Generally GP
forms SPORE:
GPB- Bacillus, Clostridium
GPC- Sporosarcina
But
GNB- Coxiella Burnetti
·
Exceptions to
KOCH’s POSTULATES:
Gonococcus:
3rd not followed
Lepra Bacilli: 2nd not followed
·
CONCOMINANT
IMMUNITY:
Schistosomes
creating barrier against continuous reinfection aks NATURAL ZOOPROPHYLAXIS
·
PARATETIC HOST:
host in which parasite merily remains viable without
further development.
Aka TRANSPORT or MECHANICAL HOST.
Eg: fly
·
NIH Swab:
T.saginata, E.vermicularis
·
AUTOINFECTION
occurs in: T.solium, S.stercoralis,
E.vermicularis SET
·
Human infection
dead end in: T.spiralis, E.granulosus
·
Lecithinase produced by: B.cereus,
Clostriddium, Vibrio
·
VMA ELISA is for
detection of: Shigella, EIEC
·
Heaviest Egg:
unfertilized egg of A.lumbricoides
Largest
Egg: fasciolepsis buski
·
·
·
Mycobacteria should be
stained for acid-fast organisms, using either Ziehl-Neelsen stain or other like Kinyoun stain.
·
Calcofluor white binds to cellulose and chitin in the
cell walls of fungi and fluoresces under long-wave length ultraviolet light. It
may demonstrate morphology that is diagnostic of the species (eg, spherules with endospores in Coccidioides immitis
infection).
Pneumocystis
jiroveci cysts are identified morphologically in silver-stained specimens.
PAS
is used to stain tissue sections when fungal infection is suspected.
After primary isolation of fungi,
stains such as lactophenol cotton blue are used to distinguish fungal
growth and to identify organisms by their morphology.
·
Coenorhabditis elegans (a nematode) was the FIRST MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
FOR WHICH THE ENTIRE GENOME WAS SEQUENCED. ( First
bacteria was H.influenzae.)
·
Robert
Koch
Father of Medical Microbiology
Discoveries – Anthrax bacilli,
tubercle bacilli, vibrio cholera
The result of Koch investigations
into a bubonic plague epidemic in Calcutta in 1897 showed that rats were
vectors of the disease. He also demonstrated that sleeping sickness is
transmitted by the tsetse fly.
Other studies by Koch included
leprosy, surra, rinderpest,
Texas fever and malaria. Koch formulated systematic method for biological
research (Koch's Postulates) which are still observed to this day.
In
1905 Koch won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "For
his investigation and
discoveries in
relation to tuberculosis".
·
• Detection of HIV RNA by nucleic acid amplification of the
viral load is the best predictor of “progression to AIDS.” (Virology)
• HIV RNA PCR and sequencing of the amplified products may
be used to monitor resistance to anti-HIV drugs. HIV patients with total CD4
lymphocyte counts of less than 200 CD4 cells/μL are susceptible to opportunistic infections
such as those caused by Cryptococcus, Mycobacterium, and Pneumocystis.
(Virology)
• Cyclospora is an ooidian parasite similar to Cryptosporidium. It causes
food-borne diarrheal illness and has been associated with contaminated berries.
(Parasitology)
• Giardia, a large flagellate with
both cyst and trophozoite forms, is the most common
parasitic disease in the United States. The disease is characterized by
diarrhea, cramping, and fever. (Parasitology)
• Enterohemorrhagic E. coli causes
bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The mode of action is production
of Shiga-like toxin by E.coli. (Bacteriology)
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-indeterminate
S. aureus (VISA) are among the most feared nosocomial pathogens. A recently
introduced antibiotic, quinapristin-delfapristin,
effectively treats vancomycin resistant enterococci or the few vancomycin-indeterminate
MRSAs that have occurred. (Bacteriology)
• Following an upsurge of tuberculosis in the early 1990s,
cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have remained static. M.
tuberculosis causes initial primary pulmonary infection as well as a chronic
disease characterized by hemoptysis, loss of weight,
and fever. (Bacteriology)
• Penicillin-resistant pneumococci
(Streptococcus pneumoniae) may account for up to 40%
of isolates of S. pneumoniae. Third- or
fourth-generation cephalosporins may be used as
alternative treatment as well as vancomycin and rifampin. (Bacteriology)
·
Ehrlichia, a recently
emerging tick-borne pathogen, is transmitted by Ixodes
scapularis, the same tick that transmits the Lyme
disease bacterium.
Ehrlichia is also transmitted by
the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum.
(Chlamydia, Rickettsia)
• Eastern equine encephalitis may be transmitted to humans
by the bite of a mosquito, particularly in the northeastern United States.
(Virology)
• Transfusion-associated babesiosis
is a growing problem, particularly in the immunosuppressed
or patients without a spleen. Tick-borne babesiosis
caused by the same tick that transmits Lyme disease is an emerging infection. (Parasitology)
• Dengue fever, a viral illness transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, is prevalent in epidemic proportions in
both the Caribbean and Southeast Asia. (Virology)
• There are five major classes of immunoglobulin: IgG, IgM, IgA,
IgD, and IgE. These immunoglobulins are distinguished by differences in the C
regions of each individual H chain. These differences are function-related.
• Peptidoglycans are unique to
prokaryotic organisms. They consist of a glycan
backbone of muramic acid and glucosamine as well as crosslinked peptides. The enzymes responsible for
cross-linking (transpeptidases) are the targets for
β-lactam antibiotics. (Physiology)
• Genetic exchange in microorganisms occurs by several
mechanisms, including transformation, transduction, conjugation, and
transposition.
These processes are the basis for gene cloning in
microorganisms. (Physiology)
• Virulence factors in bacteria include adherence factors, invasins, capsules, endotoxin,
and exotoxin. Such factors enable microorganisms to
invade the host, cause disease, and resist host defense mechanisms.(Physiology)
• Sites of action of antimicrobial agents include cell-wall
synthesis, cell membrane integrity, DNA replication, protein synthesis, DNA
dependent RNA polymerase, and folic acid metabolism. (Physiology)
• Staphylococcus aureus expresses
two types of superantigens: enterotoxin
(responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning) and toxic shock toxin.
• Free radicals of oxygen (superoxides)
kill anaerobic bacteria exposed to air. Superoxide dismutase is a potent
bacterial antioxidant. The presence of peroxidases in
bacteria is protective. (Physiology)
• Campylobacter and Helicobacter are both helical-shaped
bacteria. Helicobacter is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of peptic
ulcer disease, while Campylobacter causes a food-borne gastrointestinal
illness, most commonly from undercooked meat. Both bacteria are susceptible to
antibiotics such as tetracycline. Helicobacter may be treated with
Pepto-Bismol, metronidazole, and amoxicillin.
(Bacteriology)
• The agents of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow
Disease), scrapies, and new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in humans are prions or amyloid
fibrils. Also included are prions that cause chronic
wasting disease (CWD) in elk and deer, although these agents of CWD have not
been shown to be transmissable to either cattle or
humans. These self replicating proteins are resistant to heat
and chemical agents. (Virology)
• Prior to 1999, West Nile virus, an arbovirus
with serological crossreactivity to St. Louis
encephalitis virus was not seen in the United States. However, during 1999 and
2000, a large number of birds were infected with West Nile virus, as well as a
few humans, some of whom died. (Virology)
• The genotype of hepatitis C is important in predicting the
response of this virus to therapy with interferon and ribavirin
as well as the required length of treatment. (Virology.
·
Vascular invasion is characteristic of: mucormycosis, aspergillus
2) Inhalation of spores of which fungus is commonest: aspergillus
3) Only pathogenic yeast in man: C. neoformans
4) Sclerotic bodies with septate hyphae characteristic of: blastomycosis
5) Asteroid bodies are a characteristic feature of: sporothrix
6) Fungal infection is characterised by its capability to disseminate via lymphatics: sporothrix
7) Sporulation occurs in which phase: phase of decline
8) Prominent feature of paracoccidiomycosis: ulcerative granuloma of buccal and nasal mucosa
9) Characteristic feature of coccidiomycosis: spherule formation
10) Fungal infection which causes arthralgia / valley fever / desert rheumatism:
Coccidiomycosis
11) Thick walled barrelled shaped spores: arthrospores characteristic of coccidiodes immitis
12) Fungus which is urease positive: C. neoformans
13) Copper pennies appearance in tissue: paracoccidiodes
14) Most characteristic clinical feature of all cases of paracoccidiodomycosis: lymph node enlargement
2) Inhalation of spores of which fungus is commonest: aspergillus
3) Only pathogenic yeast in man: C. neoformans
4) Sclerotic bodies with septate hyphae characteristic of: blastomycosis
5) Asteroid bodies are a characteristic feature of: sporothrix
6) Fungal infection is characterised by its capability to disseminate via lymphatics: sporothrix
7) Sporulation occurs in which phase: phase of decline
8) Prominent feature of paracoccidiomycosis: ulcerative granuloma of buccal and nasal mucosa
9) Characteristic feature of coccidiomycosis: spherule formation
10) Fungal infection which causes arthralgia / valley fever / desert rheumatism:
Coccidiomycosis
11) Thick walled barrelled shaped spores: arthrospores characteristic of coccidiodes immitis
12) Fungus which is urease positive: C. neoformans
13) Copper pennies appearance in tissue: paracoccidiodes
14) Most characteristic clinical feature of all cases of paracoccidiodomycosis: lymph node enlargement
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