·
Medico-legal Important Acts
M-marriage contract
E-employment
R-rape
E-evidence
M-majority attainment
C-criminal responsibilities
I-identification
K-kidnapping
I-infanticide
J-judicial punishment
A-abortion
I-impotence and sterility
1. Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945 (Framed
under: Drugs Act, 1940)
• Classification of drugs in schedules:
– C– Biological and special products.
– E– Poisons.
– F– Vaccines and Sera.
– G– Hormonal preparations.
– H–Drugs/poisons to be sold prescription of RMP.
– J– Diseases for cure of which no drug should be advertised.
– C– Biological and special products.
– E– Poisons.
– F– Vaccines and Sera.
– G– Hormonal preparations.
– H–Drugs/poisons to be sold prescription of RMP.
– J– Diseases for cure of which no drug should be advertised.
– L– Antibodies, Antihistaminic, chemothera- peutic
agents.
2. Employees State Insurance Act 1948
3. Indian Medical Council Act 1956
Schedule 1—India
Schedule 2—Outside India
Schedule 1—India
Schedule 2—Outside India
4. The Medical Termination of 1971, Pregnancy Act (Amend
1975)
5. The Narcotic Drugs & 1985 Psychotropic Substance
Act
6. Consumer Protection Act 1986
7. Mental Health Act 1987
8. Organs Transplantation of Human Act 1994
9. Prenatal Diagnostic Technique 1994(Amend in 2000)
·
All Hypo like
hypomagnesemia,hypokalemia,hypo-renal function(renal insufficiency), hypoxemia,
hypothyroidism,hypo-coronary supply(myocardial ischemia or infarction)..
increases digitalis toxicity. Only calcium is hyper
in the list of digitalis toxicity inducing agents.
·
Dark brown rhombic crystals are seen in positive cases of
– Teichman’s test
·
·
MEDICO-LEGAL importance of age: MERE MCI KI JAI
M-marriage contract
E-employment
R-rape
E-evidence
M-majority attainment
C-criminal responsibilities
I-identification
K-kidnapping
I-infanticide
J-judicial punishment
A-abortion
I-impotence and sterility
·
gustafson's method: SeCReT
attrition
paradontosis
secondary dentin
cementum apposition
root resorption
tranperency of the root
attrition
paradontosis
secondary dentin
cementum apposition
root resorption
tranperency of the root
·
difference between antemortem and post mortem
wounds: SHEECVE
S-spurting
H-h'age
E-edges
E-extravasation
C-coagulation
V-vital reaction
E-enzyme histochemistry
S-spurting
H-h'age
E-edges
E-extravasation
C-coagulation
V-vital reaction
E-enzyme histochemistry
·
LEGAL PROBLEMS REGARDING USE OF ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION: NADaL WIN
N-nullity of marriage
A-adultry
D-divorce
L-legitimacy
W-widow
I-incest
N-natural birth
N-nullity of marriage
A-adultry
D-divorce
L-legitimacy
W-widow
I-incest
N-natural birth
·
types of hymen: VICS
IS A
v-vertical
i-infantile
c-cribriform
s-septate
i-imperforate
s-semilunar
a-annulars
v-vertical
i-infantile
c-cribriform
s-septate
i-imperforate
s-semilunar
a-annulars
·
EMBALBING FLUID:
Typically embalming fluid contains a mixture of
formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol and other solvents. The formaldehyde content
generally ranges from 5 to 29 percent and the ethanol content may range from 9
to 56 percent.
Embalming fluid is injected into the arteries of the
deceased during embalming. Many other bodily fluids may be drained or aspirated
and replaced with the fluid as well. The process of embalming is designed to
slow the decomposition of the body.
Chemicals and additives
Potential ingredients include:
a. Preservative. 18%-35% mixture of formaldehyde,
glutaraldehyde or in some cases phenol which are then diluted to gain the final
index of the arterial solution. Methanol is used to hold the formaldehyde in
solution. Formalin refers specifically to 37% aqueous formaldehyde and is not
commonly used in funeral embalming but rather in the preservation of anatomical
specimens.
b. Water Conditioner. These are designed to balance the
"hardness" of water (the presence of other trace chemicals that
changes the water's pH or neutrality) and to help reduce the deceased's
acidity, a by-product of decomposition, as formaldehyde works best in an
alkaline environment. Additionally, water conditioners may be used to help
"inactivate" chemotherapy drugs and antibiotics which may bind to and
render ineffectual the preservative chemical.
c. Cell Conditioner. These chemicals act to prepare cells
for absorption of arterial fluid and help break up clots in the bloodstream.
d. Dyes. Active dyes are use to restore someone's natural
colouration and counterstain against conditions such as jaundice as well as to
indicate distribution of arterial fluid. Inactive dyes are used by the
manufacturer of the arterial fluid to give a pleasant color to the fluid in the
bottle, but does nothing for the appearance of the embalmed body.
e. Humectants. These are added to dehydrated and emaciated
bodies to help restore tissue to a more natural and hydrated appearance.
f. Anti-Edemic Chemicals. The opposite of humectants these
are designed to draw excessive fluid (edema) from a body.
g. Additional Disinfectants. For certain cases, such as
tissue gas, specialist chemicals normally used topically such as Dis-Spray are
added to an arterial solution.
h. Water. Most arterial solutions are a mix of some of the
preceding chemicals with tepid water. Cases done without the addition of water
are referred to specifically as "waterless". Waterless embalming is
very effective but not economically viable for everyday cases
i. Cavity Fluid. This is a generally a very high index
formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde solution injected undiluted directly via the
trocar incision into the body cavities to treat the viscera. In cases of tissue
gas phenol based products are often used instead.
Now what is meant by HUMECTANT??
A humectant is a hygroscopic substance. Examples of
humectants include glycerine, propylene glycol and glyceryl triacetate. Others
can be polyols like sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol, or polymeric polyols like
polydextrose or natural extracts like quillaia, or lactic acid or urea. Lithium
chloride is an excellent humectant but is toxic.
Although glycerine is itself not a germicide and has no
preservative quality, it does increase the germ killing power of other
chemicals, probably because it is an excellent solvent for disinfecting
chemicals; its good solvent ability makes it an efficient carrier for the
chemicals. Glycerine is also a good lubricator and is hygroscopic. If retained
in tissues, it helps to prevent dehydration.
AND REGARDING PHENOL, REFERENCE FROM "Page number 124
& 125 of Embalming By Robert G. Mayer, Jacquelyn Taylor"
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, phenol was one of the
most commonly found components of both arterial and cavity fluids manufactured
in the early days of the fluid industry. Today, it is used chiefly in cavity
fluid formulations. Phenol is a coal-tar derivative that is a colorless
crstalline solid. Upon exposure to strong light or metallic contamination, it
darkens and assumes an amber or reddish brown appearance when in solution. The
potency of phenol is not impaired to any great extent when such change occurs.
Phenol penetrates the skin very readily and is very rapidly
absorbed by protein structures. Phenol and phenolic derivatives are good
germicides. In addition, they assist formaldehyde in forming insoluble resins
with albumins. Generally, their use in embalming fluids is confined to cavity fluids
because they tend to produce a "putty gray” tissue. Formulations
containing these compounds are often used as bleaching agents to lighten
discolorations on the skin surface. The solution either is applied as an
external pack or is injected subcutaneously with a hypodermic syringe.
·
In Females Fusion occurs 1-2 years earlier*(Except Skull,
sutures obliterates earlier in Males)
·
Beveling of the skull in
bullet injury: The principle which guides the occurrence of beveling is
that the bullet produces beveling in the second layer (or exit point).
• In entry wound the beveling is present in inner table of skull
• In exit wound the beveling is present in the outer table of skull
• In entry wound the beveling is present in inner table of skull
• In exit wound the beveling is present in the outer table of skull
Black gun powder–It consists
of potassium nitrate 75%, sulphur 10%, and charcoal 15%.
Use of constituent:
• Potassium nitrate—Oxidising agent
[Dermal Nitrate Test/Parrafin Wax test/Diphenyl Amine Test * is done to detect presence of gun Powder on hands of the person who has fired the Gun]
• Sulphur—Increase density by acting as binding agent
• Charcoal—Fuel
[ NB:- FG “Fine Grain” denotes the fineness of Gun Powder particles, moreFs quicker it will burn]
Use of constituent:
• Potassium nitrate—Oxidising agent
[Dermal Nitrate Test/Parrafin Wax test/Diphenyl Amine Test * is done to detect presence of gun Powder on hands of the person who has fired the Gun]
• Sulphur—Increase density by acting as binding agent
• Charcoal—Fuel
[ NB:- FG “Fine Grain” denotes the fineness of Gun Powder particles, moreFs quicker it will burn]
•
Viability: Physical ability of a fetus to lead “separate
existence”.
• A child is legally viable after 210 day ( 7 × 30 days).
Memory cue--> count down 2-1-0-viable
Signs of Viability
1. Length 35 cm (using Hasse’s rule 7 × 5 = 35 cm).
2. Weight 900 to 1200 gms.
3. Eyelids an open, pupillary membrane disappears.
4. Testies are found at external inguinal ring.
5. Ossification centres appearing at viability.
• Centre for Talus.
• Centre for 2nd and 3rd piece of Sternum.
96. Which of the following is a non-poisonous snake :
a. Viper
b. Krait
c. Sea snake
d. Rat snake
Explanation:
The Poisonous snakes may be divided into five families:
1. Cortalidae–Pit viper
2. Viperidae (True viper)*–Russel’s viper
3. Elapidae–Cobra and Krait**
4. Hydrophidae–Sea snakes (All sea snakes are poisonous).
5. Colubridae–Boom stangs, Bird snakes.
Offence Affecting Human Body
Sec 299 to Sec 377
• Sec 299 Culpable Homicide
• Sec 300 Murder
• Sec 302 Punishment of murder/infanticide*
• Sec 304 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder
• Sec 304 A Causing death by negligence*
Bride Burningà• Sec 304 B Dowry Death ( Memory Cue: 304 B )
• A child is legally viable after 210 day ( 7 × 30 days).
Memory cue--> count down 2-1-0-viable
Signs of Viability
1. Length 35 cm (using Hasse’s rule 7 × 5 = 35 cm).
2. Weight 900 to 1200 gms.
3. Eyelids an open, pupillary membrane disappears.
4. Testies are found at external inguinal ring.
5. Ossification centres appearing at viability.
• Centre for Talus.
• Centre for 2nd and 3rd piece of Sternum.
96. Which of the following is a non-poisonous snake :
a. Viper
b. Krait
c. Sea snake
d. Rat snake
Explanation:
The Poisonous snakes may be divided into five families:
1. Cortalidae–Pit viper
2. Viperidae (True viper)*–Russel’s viper
3. Elapidae–Cobra and Krait**
4. Hydrophidae–Sea snakes (All sea snakes are poisonous).
5. Colubridae–Boom stangs, Bird snakes.
Offence Affecting Human Body
Sec 299 to Sec 377
• Sec 299 Culpable Homicide
• Sec 300 Murder
• Sec 302 Punishment of murder/infanticide*
• Sec 304 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder
• Sec 304 A Causing death by negligence*
Bride Burningà• Sec 304 B Dowry Death ( Memory Cue: 304 B )
·
VIRTUAL AUTOPSY
The term "autopsy" ("autos"
means "self", "opsomei" means "seeing with
eyes"), was adopted by medical sciences and is used as a synonym for the
dissection of human (and animal) bodies. As implicated by the word itself, in
fact even today, the autopsy procedure is a subjective method, and in the
conventional forensic investigation process the description of the autopsy
results is based on descriptive linguistic techniques. As it is a goal of the
virtopsy project to eliminate the subjectivity of "autos" the
term "virtopsy" was born, including the two terms "virtual"
and "autopsy" but deleting "autos".
Virtual Autopsy was born from the desire to
implement new techniques in radiology for the benefit of forensic science.
There have been great improvements in MSCT and MRI technology, increasing both
contrast and resolution and offering possibilities of 2D and 3D reconstruction.
The aim is to establish an observer
independent, objective and reproducible forensic assessment method using modern
imaging technology, leading to minimally invasive "virtual" forensic
autopsy.
Benefits of Virtual Autopsy
• Uniform Documentation of Findings:
The present-day descriptive, subjective
protocolling of autopsy findings can be replaced by a uniform and
observer-independent, objective radiological documentation. This will
substantially increase the quality of the evidence presented in court by
experts. Quality control and expert supervision become possible, as well as
forensic "telemedicine" consultation.
• Increased Understandability:
The availability of 2D and 3D Reconstructions
will impressively improve the clarity and, consequently, the understandability
of future experts' evidence. This will play an important role in the acceptance
of the evidence.
• Alternative for cultures where
conventional autopsy is forbidden
Virtual autopsy will allow for medico-legal
examinations in cultural circles where a conventional autopsy is stigmatized or
even forbidden. Last but not least, the method could be useful in the
examination of highly infectious bodies.
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