FM Facts from Previous Papers

·         Medico-legal Important Acts

1. Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945 (Framed under: Drugs Act, 1940)

• Classification of drugs in schedules:
– C– Biological and special products.
– E– Poisons.
– F– Vaccines and Sera.
– G– Hormonal preparations.
– H–Drugs/poisons to be sold prescription of RMP.
– J– Diseases for cure of which no drug should be advertised.

– L– Antibodies, Antihistaminic, chemothera- peutic agents.

2. Employees State Insurance Act 1948

3. Indian Medical Council Act 1956
Schedule 1—India
Schedule 2—Outside India

4. The Medical Termination of 1971, Pregnancy Act (Amend 1975)

5. The Narcotic Drugs & 1985 Psychotropic Substance Act

6. Consumer Protection Act 1986

7. Mental Health Act 1987

8. Organs Transplantation of Human Act 1994

9. Prenatal Diagnostic Technique 1994(Amend in 2000)

·         All Hypo like hypomagnesemia,hypokalemia,hypo-renal function(renal insufficiency), hypoxemia, hypothyroidism,hypo-coronary supply(myocardial ischemia or infarction).. increases digitalis toxicity. Only calcium is hyper in the list of digitalis toxicity inducing agents.

·         Dark brown rhombic crystals are seen in positive cases of – Teichman’s test

·          

·         MEDICO-LEGAL importance of age: MERE MCI KI JAI

M-marriage contract
E-employment
R-rape
E-evidence
M-majority attainment
C-criminal responsibilities
I-identification
K-kidnapping
I-infanticide
J-judicial punishment
A-abortion
I-impotence and sterility

·         gustafson's method: SeCReT

attrition
paradontosis
secondary dentin
cementum apposition
root resorption
tranperency of the root

·         difference between antemortem and post mortem wounds: SHEECVE

S-spurting
H-h'age
E-edges
E-extravasation
C-coagulation
V-vital reaction
E-enzyme histochemistry

·         LEGAL PROBLEMS REGARDING USE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: NADaL WIN
N-nullity of marriage
A-adultry
D-divorce
L-legitimacy
W-widow
I-incest
N-natural birth

·         types of hymen: VICS IS A

v-vertical
i-infantile
c-cribriform
s-septate
i-imperforate
s-semilunar
a-annulars

·         EMBALBING FLUID:

Typically embalming fluid contains a mixture of formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol and other solvents. The formaldehyde content generally ranges from 5 to 29 percent and the ethanol content may range from 9 to 56 percent.

Embalming fluid is injected into the arteries of the deceased during embalming. Many other bodily fluids may be drained or aspirated and replaced with the fluid as well. The process of embalming is designed to slow the decomposition of the body.

Chemicals and additives

Potential ingredients include:

a. Preservative. 18%-35% mixture of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or in some cases phenol which are then diluted to gain the final index of the arterial solution. Methanol is used to hold the formaldehyde in solution. Formalin refers specifically to 37% aqueous formaldehyde and is not commonly used in funeral embalming but rather in the preservation of anatomical specimens.

b. Water Conditioner. These are designed to balance the "hardness" of water (the presence of other trace chemicals that changes the water's pH or neutrality) and to help reduce the deceased's acidity, a by-product of decomposition, as formaldehyde works best in an alkaline environment. Additionally, water conditioners may be used to help "inactivate" chemotherapy drugs and antibiotics which may bind to and render ineffectual the preservative chemical.

c. Cell Conditioner. These chemicals act to prepare cells for absorption of arterial fluid and help break up clots in the bloodstream.

d. Dyes. Active dyes are use to restore someone's natural colouration and counterstain against conditions such as jaundice as well as to indicate distribution of arterial fluid. Inactive dyes are used by the manufacturer of the arterial fluid to give a pleasant color to the fluid in the bottle, but does nothing for the appearance of the embalmed body.

e. Humectants. These are added to dehydrated and emaciated bodies to help restore tissue to a more natural and hydrated appearance.

f. Anti-Edemic Chemicals. The opposite of humectants these are designed to draw excessive fluid (edema) from a body.

g. Additional Disinfectants. For certain cases, such as tissue gas, specialist chemicals normally used topically such as Dis-Spray are added to an arterial solution.

h. Water. Most arterial solutions are a mix of some of the preceding chemicals with tepid water. Cases done without the addition of water are referred to specifically as "waterless". Waterless embalming is very effective but not economically viable for everyday cases

i. Cavity Fluid. This is a generally a very high index formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde solution injected undiluted directly via the trocar incision into the body cavities to treat the viscera. In cases of tissue gas phenol based products are often used instead.

Now what is meant by HUMECTANT??

A humectant is a hygroscopic substance. Examples of humectants include glycerine, propylene glycol and glyceryl triacetate. Others can be polyols like sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol, or polymeric polyols like polydextrose or natural extracts like quillaia, or lactic acid or urea. Lithium chloride is an excellent humectant but is toxic.

Although glycerine is itself not a germicide and has no preservative quality, it does increase the germ killing power of other chemicals, probably because it is an excellent solvent for disinfecting chemicals; its good solvent ability makes it an efficient carrier for the chemicals. Glycerine is also a good lubricator and is hygroscopic. If retained in tissues, it helps to prevent dehydration.

AND REGARDING PHENOL, REFERENCE FROM "Page number 124 & 125 of Embalming By Robert G. Mayer, Jacquelyn Taylor"

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, phenol was one of the most commonly found components of both arterial and cavity fluids manufactured in the early days of the fluid industry. Today, it is used chiefly in cavity fluid formulations. Phenol is a coal-tar derivative that is a colorless crstalline solid. Upon exposure to strong light or metallic contamination, it darkens and assumes an amber or reddish brown appearance when in solution. The potency of phenol is not impaired to any great extent when such change occurs.

Phenol penetrates the skin very readily and is very rapidly absorbed by protein structures. Phenol and phenolic derivatives are good germicides. In addition, they assist formaldehyde in forming insoluble resins with albumins. Generally, their use in embalming fluids is confined to cavity fluids because they tend to produce a "putty gray” tissue. Formulations containing these compounds are often used as bleaching agents to lighten discolorations on the skin surface. The solution either is applied as an external pack or is injected subcutaneously with a hypodermic syringe.

·         In Females Fusion occurs 1-2 years earlier*(Except Skull, sutures obliterates earlier in Males)

·         Beveling of the skull in bullet injury: The principle which guides the occurrence of beveling is that the bullet produces beveling in the second layer (or exit point).

• In entry wound the beveling is present in inner table of skull
• In exit wound the beveling is present in the outer table of skull

Black gun powder–It consists of potassium nitrate 75%, sulphur 10%, and charcoal 15%.
Use of constituent:
• Potassium nitrate—Oxidising agent
[Dermal Nitrate Test/Parrafin Wax test/Diphenyl Amine Test * is done to detect presence of gun Powder on hands of the person who has fired the Gun]
• Sulphur—Increase density by acting as binding agent
• Charcoal—Fuel
[ NB:- FG “Fine Grain” denotes the fineness of Gun Powder particles, moreFs quicker it will burn]

•          Viability: Physical ability of a fetus to lead “separate existence”.

• A child is legally viable after 210 day ( 7 × 30 days).
Memory cue--> count down 2-1-0-viable

Signs of Viability

1. Length 35 cm (using Hasse’s rule 7 × 5 = 35 cm).
2. Weight 900 to 1200 gms.
3. Eyelids an open, pupillary membrane disappears.
4. Testies are found at external inguinal ring.
5. Ossification centres appearing at viability.
• Centre for Talus.
• Centre for 2nd and 3rd piece of Sternum.




96. Which of the following is a non-poisonous snake :
a. Viper
b. Krait
c. Sea snake
d. Rat snake

Explanation:

The Poisonous snakes may be divided into five families:
1. Cortalidae–Pit viper
2. Viperidae (True viper)*–Russel’s viper
3. Elapidae–Cobra and Krait**
4. Hydrophidae–Sea snakes (All sea snakes are poisonous).
5. Colubridae–Boom stangs, Bird snakes.


Offence Affecting Human Body

Sec 299 to Sec 377
• Sec 299 Culpable Homicide
• Sec 300 Murder
• Sec 302 Punishment of murder/infanticide*
• Sec 304 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder
• Sec 304 A Causing death by negligence*
Bride Burningà• Sec 304 B Dowry Death ( Memory Cue: 304 B )

·         VIRTUAL AUTOPSY

The term "autopsy" ("autos" means "self", "opsomei" means "seeing with eyes"), was adopted by medical sciences and is used as a synonym for the dissection of human (and animal) bodies. As implicated by the word itself, in fact even today, the autopsy procedure is a subjective method, and in the conventional forensic investigation process the description of the autopsy results is based on descriptive linguistic techniques. As it is a goal of the virtopsy project to eliminate the subjectivity of "autos" the term "virtopsy" was born, including the two terms "virtual" and "autopsy" but deleting "autos".

Virtual Autopsy was born from the desire to implement new techniques in radiology for the benefit of forensic science. There have been great improvements in MSCT and MRI technology, increasing both contrast and resolution and offering possibilities of 2D and 3D reconstruction.

The aim is to establish an observer independent, objective and reproducible forensic assessment method using modern imaging technology, leading to minimally invasive "virtual" forensic autopsy.

Benefits of Virtual Autopsy

• Uniform Documentation of Findings:

The present-day descriptive, subjective protocolling of autopsy findings can be replaced by a uniform and observer-independent, objective radiological documentation. This will substantially increase the quality of the evidence presented in court by experts. Quality control and expert supervision become possible, as well as forensic "telemedicine" consultation.

• Increased Understandability:

The availability of 2D and 3D Reconstructions will impressively improve the clarity and, consequently, the understandability of future experts' evidence. This will play an important role in the acceptance of the evidence.

• Alternative for cultures where conventional autopsy is forbidden

Virtual autopsy will allow for medico-legal examinations in cultural circles where a conventional autopsy is stigmatized or even forbidden. Last but not least, the method could be useful in the examination of highly infectious bodies.