Pharmacology Facts from Previous Papers

·         Amantadine's mechanism of action involves inhibition of uncoating of the influenza A viral DNA. The primary target is the membrane M2 protein. The drug does not affect penetration and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

·         Cloramphenicol: Nitrobenzene group

·         8-aminoquinoline derivatives: Primaquine

·         4-quinoline derivatives: Chloro, Meflo, AmodiaQUINE

·         salicylamide derivative: Niclosamide

·         derivative of adamantine: Rimantadine

·         derivative of pyrophosphate: Foscarnet

·         derivative of chloroethylamine: Cyclophosphamide

·         derivative of ethylenimine: Thiotepa

·         derivative of alkylsulfonate: Busulfan

·         anticancer drug of plant origin: Vincristine

·          

·         Acyclovir not effective against CMV.

·         Antimicrobial drug causing myopathy – Daptomycin

·          

·         Drugs that cause osteoporosis are : ( GHALACTose)

1. glucocorticoids, GnRH antagonists

2. heparin

3. anticonvulsants, aluminium,

4. lithium

5. alcohol excess intake

6. cyclosporine, cytotoxic drugs

7. thyroxine excess

·         drugs causing gingival hyperplasia:

•phenytoin(dilantin)-antiepileptic

•cyclosporine-immunosuppresant

•calcium channel blockers especially nifedipine

·         drugs causing pseudotumor cerebri:

•tetracyclines,naldixic acid,nitrofurantoin

•indomethacin-NSAID

•oral contraceptive pills

•vitamin A

•isotretinon-retinoic acid derivative used for acne

•lithium-used in bipolar disorder

•danazol-antigonadotropic drug

·         drugs causing photosensitivity:

•tetracycline,fluroquinolones-antibiotics

•NSAIDs

•ACE(angiotensin converting enzyme)inhibitors-antihypertensives

•tricyclic antidepressants

•phenothiazines

•oral contraceptives.

·         Drugs that may produce disulfiramlike reactions with ethanol include the following:

•Mushrooms (eg, Coprinus atramentarius [inky cap], Clitocybe claviceps)

•Antibiotics

1.metronidazole,Tinidazole is chemically similar to metronidazole and so may cause the same reaction

2.sulfonamides(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)

3.some cephalosporins( eg: cephamandole, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, cefotetan, Moxalactam)- due to METHYLTETRAZOLETHIOL side chain.

4.nitrofurantoin,

5.chloramphenicol

6.furazolidine

7.Antimalarial Quinacrine

•Oral hypoglycemics (eg: chlorpropamide, tolbutamide)- these sulphonylureas compete with acetaldehyde for binding sites on ALDH.

•Pesticides (eg: carbamates, monosulfiram [Tetmosol])

•Chloral hydrate

•Antifungals (griseofulvin)

·         plants from which commonly used drugs are derived.

Claviceps purpurea                 Ergotamine
Erythroxylon coca                   Cocaine
Papavertum somniferum          Morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine etc.
Digitalis purpurea                    Lantana digoxin
Rauwolfia serpentina               Reserpine
Atropa belladonna                   Atropine
Hyocyamus niger                    Hyoscine