Pediatric Immunology

·         Patients with antibody deficiency are usually recognized because they have recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria or a history of failure of responding to antibiotic treatment; some individuals with selective IgA deficiency or infants with transient hypogammaglobulinemia may have few or no infections.

·         XLA , CVID: extracellular pyogenic organisms, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, Mycoplasma are also particularly problematic. Chronic fungal infections are seen; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia rarely occurs. Viral infections are usually handled normally with the exceptions of hepatitis viruses and enteroviruses. Several examples of paralysis after live polio vaccine administration have occurred, and chronic, eventually fatal central nervous system infections with various echoviruses have also occurred.

·         SCID: giardia

·         SCID: low-grade or opportunistic pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci), and to graft versus host disease (GVHD) from nonirradiated blood transfusions.

·         MHC Class II DEFICIENCY: persistent diarrhea that is often associated with cryptosporidiosis and enteroviral infections (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus). They also have an increased frequency of infections with herpesviruses and other viruses, oral candidiasis, bacterial pneumonia, P. carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia, and septicemia.

·         WAS: Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria having polysaccharide capsules cause otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Later, infections with agents such as P. carinii (jiroveci) and the herpesviruses become more frequent.

·         G6PD Def, CGD: Recurrent pyogenic infections with catalase-positive microorganisms

·         Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 1,2: recurrent bacterial infection associated with a lack of pus formation WITH NEUTROPHILIA

·         Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: Recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections

·         GSD Ib: Recurrent infections with neutropenia

·         Terminal complement defects (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9) are associated with recurrent infections with Neisseria.

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 ataxia-telangiectasia: S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae type b are common, as is P. carinii pneumonitis.