·
The lateral pterygoid muscles, acting bilaterally,
protract the jaw and, acting unilaterally, rotate the jaw during chewing.
Because the fibers of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle insert
onto the anterior aspect of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint
as well as onto the head of the mandible, spasm of this muscle, such as in a yawn, can result in
dislocation of the mandible by pulling the disk anterior to the articular
tubercle. Reduction is accomplished by pushing the mandible downward
and back, so that the head of the mandible reenters the mandibular fossa.
·
Structures passing between skull and superior constrictor
muscle ( LEAP is on Top)
1. Levator Palati.
2. Eustachian tube
3. Ascending
Palatine Artery (Branch of Facial Artery)
4. Ascending
Pharyngeal Artery (br. of ECA)
5. Tensor Palati.
Structures passing between Superior and Middle Pharyngeal
Constrictors (SG)
1. Stylopharyngeus
2. Glossopharyngeal
Nerve.
Structures Passing between Middle and inferior
constrictors (SIL)
1. Superior thyroid
artery
2. Internal
Laryngeal nerve
3. Laryngeal Artery
and Vein.
Structures passing below Inferior Constrictor Muscle (RI)
1. Recurrent
Laryngeal Nerve.
2. Inferior Thyroid
artery.
·
ICA:
1.
Cervical Part
: No branches of
ICA in the neck.
2.
Petrous part (PC)
: 1. Carotico-tympanic artery.
2. Pterygoid
Artery.
3.
Cavernous Part (MISC) : 1.
Cavernous branches
2. Superior
Hypophyseal artery
3. Inferior
Hypophyseal Artery
4. Meningeal
artery.
4.
Cerebral Part (OMAPA)
:
1. Ophthalmic artery
2. ACA - ANterior
Cerebral Artery.
3. MCA- Middle
Cerebral artery.
4. Posterior
Communicating artery.
5. Anterior
Choroidal Artery
·
Nerve supply of the Tongue
Motor
supply :
All the intrinsic muscles,
except the palatoglossus are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. the
palatoglossus is supplied by the cranial part of accessory nerve through the
pharyngeal plexus .
Sensory
supply :
Anterior 2/3rd of the tongue -
lingual nerve is the nerve of general sensation and the chordatympani is the
nerve of taste for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue .
Posterior 2/3rd of tongue - the
glossopharyngeal nerve is the nerve for both general sensation and taste
sensation for the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue .
The posterior most part of the
tongue is supplied by the vagus nerve through the internal laryngeal branch .
·
You may be able to reduce blood flow to Kiesselbach’s area by holding both sides of the
upper lip and also pressing on the incisive foramen. Kiesselbach’s area on the
nasal septum is just superior and posterior to the external nasal aperture.
Many nosebleeds occur in this area since it is exposed to most of the incoming
air.
·
Skull foramen and structures passing through them
1-
HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL - hypoglossal nerve
2-
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY - passes thru both carotid canal and foramen lacerum
3-
GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - anterior palatine nerve
4-
LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - posterior palatine nerve
5-
NASOPALATINE NERVE - incisive foramen
6-
SUPRA ORBITAL FORAMEN OR NOTCH - supraorbital nerve
7-
SUPRA ORBITAL FISSURE - inferior opthalmic vein
8-
INFRA ORBITAL FORAMEN - infra orbital nerve
9-
ZYGOMATIC NERVE - infra orbital fissure
10-
ZYGOMATICO FACIAL FORAMEN - zygomatico facial branch of the sixth nerve
11-
OPTIC CANAL - central retinal vein
12 -
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM - maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
13-
FORAMEN OVALE - Mandibular nerve, Accessory meningeal artery, Lesser petrosal
nerve and missary veins (mnemonic : MALE).
14-
FORAMEN SPINOSUM - middle meningeal artery
15-
JUGULAR FORAMEN - 9 , 10 , 11 th cranial nerves
16-
MASTOID FORAMEN - meningeal branch of occipital artery
17-
TYMPANO MASTOID FISSURE - auricular branch of vagus ( vidian r alderman n )
18-
FACIAL NERVE - stylomastoid foramen
19-
CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE - petro tympanic fissure.
·
Lymphatic
drainage of tongue :
1. Tip Of Tongue
------> Submental
2. Ant 2/3rd
Lateral Border -----> Ipsilateral Submandibular
3. Ant 2/3rd
Centrally -------> Submandibular Nodes On Both Sides
4. Post 1/3rd
-------> Upper Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes
5. Final Node To
Be Involved -------> Jugulo Omohyoid ------> Deep Cervical
·
Sub Mandibular Gland
Sup.
Salivatory Nucleus → Sensory Part of VII N → Facial Nerve
à Chorda Tympani → Lingual Nà
Sub
Mandibular Ganglion → Gland
·
Parotid Gland
Inferior
Salivatory Nucleus → Glossopharyngeal Nerve → Jacobson’s
Nerve → Tympanic Plexus → Lesser Superficial Petrosal Nerve → Ottic Ganglion → Auriculotemporal Nerve à Parotid Gland
·
Lacrimal Gland
Lacrimatory
Nucleus à Sensory Part of Facial N à Facial Nerve à Geniculate Ganglion à
Greater Supf. Petrosal Nerve à Joins with deep petrosal Nerve from sympathetic
Plexus to form Nerve of Pterygoid Canal/Vidian Nerve à Pterygopalatine Ganglion
à Maxillary Nerve à Zygomatico temp oral Nerve à Lacrimal Nerve à LacrimalGland
·
The ciliary
ganglion receives
preganglionic parasympathetic nerves from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (cranial
nerve III) that synapse in the ciliary ganglion. Those collections of
postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies innervate the sphincter
pupillae muscles, which constrict the pupil, closing it during bright-light
conditions. The geniculate ganglion houses the pseudounipolar cell bodies that receive taste information
from the presulcal (anterior 2/3) of the tongue. The otic ganglia is a parasympathetic ganglia that contains
postganglionic parasympathetic nerves to stimulate the parotid salivary gland
(preganglionic fibers from cranial nerve IX). The pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion contains postganglionic parasympathetic
nerves to stimulate the lacrimal gland and glands of the nose and paranasal
sinuses (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve VII). The semilunar
(trigeminal) ganglion
contains pseudounipolar cell bodies that receive pain, touch and temperature
information from the face via the trigeminal nerve. The submandibular
ganglion contains
postganglionic parasympathetic nerves to stimulate the submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from cranial
nerve VII).
·
·
When the
parasympathetic fibers to the eyeball are stimulated, the pupil constricts and
the ciliary muscle contracts, resulting in a thicker lens and enhanced vision
for near objects (accommodation). Dilation of the pupil, contraction of
capillaries in the iris, and enhanced ability to see distant objects
(flattening of the lens) result from stimulation of sympathetic nerves.
·
The tensor tympani
is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, and the stapedius is innervated by the
facial nerve.
·
The lingual nerve is
joined by the chorda tympani in the infratemporal fossa. Therefore, the lingual
nerve contains general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers whose cell bodies are
located in the trigeminal ganglion and special somatic afferent (SSA) or taste
fibers that have cell bodies located in the geniculate ganglion. In addition,
the lingual nerve carries parasympathetic preganglionic general visceral
efferent (GVE) fibers that originated from the chorda tympani; the cell bodies
are located in the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons. The chorda tympani
and lingual nerves contain no fibers from the otic, submandibular,
pterygopalatine, or dorsal root ganglia.
·
The nerve of the
pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) contains taste (special visceral afferent [SVA])
fibers from the palate, general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers, postganglionic
sympathetic fibers, and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
·
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