·
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE:
o
1st 24 hours = Swelling
o
In 24 hours → neutrophils → peak at Day 3
o
Day 4 → T-cells/MФ → peakat Day 7
o
Day 7 → Fibroblasts → peak at Day 30
§ Takes 6 mos.
to finish scarring
o
If Acute = look for neutrophils
o
If Chronic = look for fibrosis/sclerosis
·
Noncaseating Granulomas: SARC FOR FUN
Sarcoidosis
foreign-body
reaction
fungal infections
·
Fibrillar Collagens
type I →
skin, bones, tendons, mature scars
type II →
cartilage
type III →
embryonic tissue, blood vessels, pliable organs, immature scars
Amorphous
Collagens
type IV →
basement membranes
type VI →
connective tissue
·
The fibrillar
(interstitial) types of collagen (types I, III, and V) are found within the ECM
(interstitial tissue), while the nonfibrillar type IVcollagen is found within the basement membranes,
·
G proteins may be classified into four
categories, namely Gs, Gi, Gt,
and Gq.
Gs and Gi, regulate the
intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Gs and Gi regulate
intracellular cAMP levels by their actions on adenyl cyclase, an enzyme located
on the inner surface of the plasma membrane that catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP.
Gt
regulates the intracytoplasmic levels of cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (cGMP),
and
Gq
regulates the intracytoplasmic levels of calcium
ions.
ADP-ribosylates Gs
= Turn the On, On
- VibriO
- ETEC (E.cOli)
ADP-ribosylates Gi = Turns the Off, Off
- Bordetella pertussis
Ribosylation of EF2
- Pseudomonas
- Diptheria
In pseudohypoparathyroidism,
the activities of the G proteins are reduced
and as a result there is a reduced response to parathyroid hormone, T3 and gonadotrophins.
·
Beta-naphthylamine is
an exception to the general rule involving cytochrome
P450, as the hydrolysis of the nontoxic conjugate occurs in the urinary bladder
by the urinary enzyme glucuronidase. There has been
an increase in bladder cancer in workers in the aniline dye and rubber
industries who have been exposed to these compounds.
·
Amniotic fluid emboli can also lead to DIC which
results from the high thromboplastin activity of
amniotic fluid.
·
anlage → primitive mass of cells
aplasia →
complete failure of an organ to develop (anlage
present)
·
Staining reaction
of amyloid material
ü
Iodine gives brown- colour and I2 followed by H2S04 gives blue colour Congo red -red
ü
Methyl violet—rose red while other tissue becomes blue (metachromatic stain).
ü
Von-Gieson’s stain—Khaki shade
ü
PAS stain—red.
ü
Iodide green—(metachromatic stain)—violet red other stained green.
ü
H- & E
stain—faintly eosinstained homogenous material.
ü
Fluorescent dyes—to
demonstrate amyloid in juxta
glomerular area of kidney.
ü
Immunohistological stain—to distinguish between AL and AA.
·
In Fenton reaction, Hydroxyl Radicals are
generated by interaction of Hydrogen peroxide with Transitional metals like
Iron, Copper.
·
The major antioxidant enzymes are — Superoxide
dismutase, catalase, Glutathione
peroxidase.
·
Fatty change is
due to:-
In alcohol poisoning — Increased
esterification of fatty acids to Triglycerides.
In carbon tetrachioride, phosphorous poisoning and protein
malnutrition —Decreased Apoprotein synthesis.
In experimental Fatty liver
induced by orotic acid — Impaired secretion of lipoprolein.
Starvation,
corticosteroids — Excessive entry of free fatty acids into the liver.
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