Anatomy Facts From Previous Pater

·         The maxillary sinus is innervated by branches of V2 - the greater palatine nerve and the branches of the infraorbital nerve.

·         The pterygopalatine fossa is the distribution centre for the main vessels and nerves of the middle third of the face. The greater and deep petrosal nerves join together before entering the pterygo-palatine fossa.

·         A 54-yr old woman complains of pain & burning over the bottom of the forefoot; her symptoms are relieved by going barefoot. Diag – Morton neuroma

·         Line of gravity passes through – Cervical & lumbar vertebrae; behind hip jt & in front of knee & ankle jt

·         All can act as antigravity muscles except – Popliteus

·         Developmentally hymen is – Endodermal in origin

·         Ulnar n innervates 15 of the 20 intrinsic muscles of the hand

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·         Weitbrecht's cartilage=articular disc of acromioclavicular joint.

Weitbrecht's cord= oblique ligament of elbow joint.

Weitbrecht's ligament= oblique ligament of elbow joint.

Weitbrecht's fibers= retinaculum of articular capsule of hip.

Weitbrecht's foramen= an opening in the articular capsule of the shoulder joint, communicating with the subtendinous bursa of the subscapularis muscle

·         1. Eye Of Hand : Median Nerve

2. Labourer's Nerve : Median Nerve

3. Musician's Nerve : Ulnar Nerve

4. Surgeon's Nerve : Axillary Nerve

5. Wandering Nerve : Vagus Nerve

·         FORAMENAE:

1. Foramen of Scarpa - Incisor Foramen in the mouth

2. Foramen of Vesalii - Transmits veins communicating between the Cavernous sinus to Pterygoid Plexus

3. Foramen of Luschka - Openings of the Lateral recesses of fourth Ventricle

4. Stylomastoid Foramen - Transmits Facial Nerve

1. Foramen Caecum - The foramen anterior to the Crista Galli in the base of the Skull.

2. Foramen Caecum - Located at the junction of Ant 2/3 rds and Post 1/3 rd of tongue (in midline)

3. Epiploic Foramen - Communication between Greater and lesser sacs of peritoneal cavity.

4. Foramen of Langer - A foramen in the axillary fascia through which the Axillary tail of Spence (Part of Breast) passes through

5. Foramen of Monro (Interventricular Foramen) - Opening of lateral ventricles into III ventricle.

6. Foramen of Magendie - Median aperture in the Roof of fourth Ventricle.

7. Jugular Foramen Transmits - a. Sigmoid Sinus b. Inferior Petrosal Sinus c. 9th, 10th, 11th cranial Nerves d. Int. jugular vein

8. Foramen Transversarium of 6th Cervical Vertebra Transmits - Vertebral Artery

·         MUSCLE FACTS:

1. Abdominals – Rectus abdominus, external abdominal oblique, and Transverse abdominus

2. Adductors – Magnus, Longus and brevis

3. Adductor magnus – Underneath the hamstrings

4. Biceps brachii – Corkscrew muscle

5. Brachialis – Strongest elbow flexor / Superficial lateral forearm

6. Costals – Internal and External

7. Deltoid – Shoulder pad muscle / Anterior, Lateral and Posterior / Antagonist to itself

8. Diaphragm – Prime mover in inspiration

9. Erector spinae – Spinalis (Medial tract and hugs the spine), Iliocostalis (Lateral tract and hugs the ribs) and Longissimus (Intermediate tract)

10. External intercostals – Superficial

11. Extensor digiti minimi – Tea drinker’s muscle

12. Gluteus maximus – Strongest hip extensor / can be at least one inch thick / most superficial gluteal muscle

13. Gracilis – The gracilis and the femoral shaft form the letter ‘V’

14. Gastrocnemius – Toe dancer’s muscle

15. Gluteals – Maximus, Medius and Minimus

16. Hamstrings – Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus and Biceps femoris

17. Hypothenar eminence – Opponens digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi brevis and Abductor digiti minimi

18. Internal abdominus obliques – The fibers go vertical

19. Internal intercostals – Deep

20. Iliopsoas – Group of psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus

21. Latissimus dorsi – Swimmer’s muscle / Widest muscle / Superficial mid back and lower back muscle

22. Lateral six deep rotatores – Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Obturator internus, Gemellus inferior, Obturator externus and Quadratus femoris

23. Longus colli – Longus colli superior oblique, longus colli inferior oblique and longus colli vertical

24. Orbicularis oculi – Winking muscle

25. Orbicularis oris – Kissing muscle

26. Pronators – Pronator quadratus and Pronator teres

27. Peroneus – Longus, Brevis and Tertius

28. Peroneus longus – Sometimes called ‘fibularis longus’ / Along with the peroneus brevis it is affected in an inversion sprain

29. Psoas – Strongest hip flexor / Strongest posture muscle

30. Piriformis – Tightness causes duck like walking

31. Plantaris – Missing in most cadavers

32. Psoas minor – Missing in most cadavers

33. Platysma – Most superficial neck muscle

34. Pectoralis major – Tightness equals rounded shoulders and or constriction of chest wall

35. Pectoralis minor and Scalenes – Neurovascular entrappers

36. Pectineus – Medial to the femoral artery and considered an extension of the iliopsoas muscle

37. Quadratus lumborum – Hip hiker muscle

38. Quadriceps – Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus Intermedius and Rectus femoris

39. Rhomboid minor and major – Minor is on top / Christmas tree muscle

40. Rectus abdominus – Horizontal layer of connective tissue every few inches / Six pack muscle

41. Rectus femoris – Only quad muscle that crosses two joints and has two actions

42. Rotatores longi and Rotatores brevis – Deepest of the transversospinalis group

43. Scalene – Anterior, Medius and Posterior

44. Serratus posterior superior – Helps inhale

45. Serratus posterior inferior – Helps exhale

46. Stapedius – Smallest muscle (In your ear)

47. Sartorius – Tailor’s muscle / Longest muscle

48. Semispinalis – Most superficial of the transversospinalis group / most superficial of the transversospinalis group

49. Semimembranosus – Most medial hamstring

50. Semitendinosus – On top of the semimembranosus

51. Serratus muscles – Anterior, Posterior superior and Posterior inferior

52. Serratus anterior and Triceps – Boxer’s muscle

53. Sternocleidomastoid – Tightness can cause vertigo or torticollis / Only muscle that

move the head and are not connected to the ribs

54. Supraspinatus / Infraspinatus / Teres minor / Subscapularis – SITS muscles or rotator muscles

55. Subscapularis – Frozen shoulder muscle

56. Suboccipitals – Ghost headache muscle / Rectus capitus posterior major, Rectus capitus posterior minor, oblique capitus inferior and oblique capitus superior

57. Thenar eminence – Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis and Flexor pollicis brevis

58. Tensor fascia lata – Connects into the iliotibial band

59. Transversospinalis – Semispinalis, Multifidus and Rotator longi, Rotatores brevis

60. Transverse abdominus – Deepest abdominal muscle / Wraps around the internal organs

61. Tibialis anterior – Weakness causes flat foot / Tightness causes high arch / prone to shin splints

62. Triceps surae – Another name for the soleus and gastrocnemius

63. Trapezius – Coat hanger muscle / Superficial mid and upper back muscle / Antagonist to itself

Neck

Flexion of the Neck - Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis, and Scalenes

Extension of the Neck - Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis and Scalene

Lateral Flexion of Neck to same side - Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes

Rotation of Head to Opposite Side - Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes

Rotation of Head to Same Side - Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis

Ribs

Bilaterally Raises First 2 Ribs - Scalenes

Scapula

Elevation of the Scapula - Upper Trapezius and Levator Scapula

Depression of the Scapula - Pectoralis Minor and Lower Trapezius

Protraction of the Scapula - Pectoralis Minor and Serratus Anterior

Retraction of the Scapula - Middle Trapezius and Rhomboids

Upward rotation of the Scapula - Upper Trapezius, Lower Trapezius, and Serratus Anterior

Downward Rotation of the Scapula - Levator Scapula, Rhomboids, and Pectoralis Minor

Humerus

Flexion of the Humerus - Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Coracobrachialis and Biceps

Extension of the Humerus - Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, Posterior Deltoid, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Triceps and Pectoralis Major

Medial Rotation of the Humerus - Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Subscapularis, Teres Major and Latissimus Dorsi

Lateral Rotation of the Humerus - Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Posterior Deltoid

Adduction of the Humerus - Pectoralis Major, Coracobrachialis, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major

Abduction of the Humerus - Supraspinatus and Middle Deltoid

Horizontal Adduction of the Humerus - Anterior Deltoid and Pectoralis Major

Horizontal Abduction of the Humerus - Posterior Deltoid

Elbow

Flexion of the Elbow - Biceps, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, and Pronator Teres

Extension of the Elbow - Triceps and Anconeus

Forearm

Supination of the Forearm - Biceps and Supinator

Pronation of the forearm - Pronator Teres and Pronator Quadratus

Wrist

Flexion of the Wrist - Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, and Palmaris Longus

Extension of the Wrist - Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Adduction of the Wrist - Extensor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Abduction of the Wrist - Flexor Carpi Radialis and Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Fingers

Flexion of Fingers - Flexor Digiti Minimi and Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Digitorum and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Extension of Fingers - Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, and Extensor Digiti Minimi

Adduction of Fingers - Palmar Interossei

Abduction of Fingers - Abductor Digiti Minimi, Dorsal Interossei

Thumb

Adduction of Thumb - Adductor Pollicis

Abduction of Thumb - Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Abductor Pollicis Longus

Opposition of Thumb - Opponens Pollicis

Flexion of the Thumb - Flexor Pollicis Longus and Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Extension of Thumb - Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Longus

Trunk

Flexion of Trunk - Rectus Abdominis, External Obliques, Internal Oblique

Lateral Flexion of Trunk - External Obliques, Internal Oblique, Quadratus Lumborum

Supports Compression of Abdominal Contents - Rectus Abdominis, External Obliques, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis

Spine

Extension of Spine - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis, Semispinalis, Multifidus

Lateral Flexion of Spine - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis

Rotation of Opposite Side - Semispinalis, Multifidus

Hip

Flexion of the Hip - Iliopsoas, Pectineus, TFL, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Rectus Femoris, and Sartorius

Extension of the Hip - Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Adductor Magnus

Medial Rotation of the Hip - Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, TFL, Pectineus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, and Adductor Magnus

Lateral Rotation of the Hip - Piriformis, Gemellus Superior, Obturator Internus, Gemellus Inferior, Obturator Externus, Quadratus Femoris, Gluteus Maximus, and Sartorius

Adduction of the Hip - Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus Gracilis, and Pectineus

Abduction of the Hip - Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, TFL and Sartorius

Raises Hip - Quadratus Lumborum

Knee

Flexion of the Knee - Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Sartorius, Gracilis, Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, and Popliteus

Extension of the Knee - Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis, Rector Femoris and TFL

Medial Rotation of the Knee - Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Popliteus, Gracilis, and Sartorius

Lateral Rotation of the Knee - Biceps Femoris

Ankle

Dorsiflexion of the Ankle - Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneus Tertius, and Extensor Hallucis Longus

Plantar Flexion of the Ankle - Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Hallucis Longus and Flexor Digitorum Longus

Foot

Inversion of the Foot - Tibialis Anterior and Tibialis Posterior

Eversion of the Foot - Peroneus Tertius, Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis

Toes

Flexion of Toes - Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi

Extension of Toes - Extensor Digitorum Brevis, Extensor Digitorum Longus

Great Toe

Flexion of Great Toe - Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Extension of Great Toe - Extensor Hallucis Longus

·         *Adductor brevis- only muscle to b supplied by both ant n post divisions of obturator n

·         *gemellus superior- supplied by n. to obturator internus

·         *gemellus inferior- supplied by n. to quadratus femoris

·         *pectoralis major- MC muscle tat is absent congenitally

·         *peroneus brevis- involved in displacement of # fragment in Jones #

·         *quadriceps femoris – MC muscle to atrophy in osteoarthritis

·         *tibialis anterior – MC muscle to undergo complete atrophy in osteoarthritis

·         *latissimus dorsi – actions are remembered as movin the hand to scratch the opp scapula..adduction, extension, medial rotation

·         *rotator cuff- supraspinatus,infraspinatus,subscapularis & teres minor

·         *sartorius- tailors muscle..longest muscle in the body

·         *lumbricals – lateral two are uni pennate supplied by median nerve

·         Medial two are bipennate supplied by ulnar nerve

·         *thenar muscles- all supplied by median nerve except deep head of

·         flexorpollicis brevis supplied by ulnar nerve

·         *abductor pollicis longus & extensor pollicis brevis – involved in

·         deQuervain’s tenosynovitis

·         *teres minor – supplied by axillary.n with pseudo ganglion

·         *palmar interossi - adductors

·         *dorsal interossi – abductors

smallest muscle - piloerector

longest muscle - sartorius

virgins/antirape muscle - gracilis

locking muscle - popliteus

boxer's muscle - serratus anterior

footballer muscle - quadriceps femoris

climbing muscle - lattismi dorsi

rider's muscle - adductors of thigh

swimmer muscle - lattismi dorsi

tailor's muscle - sartorius

The presence of a “popeye” muscle

deformity in the biceps muscle contour indicates

rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon

Honeymoon muscle-gracilsis

toenbey's muscle-tensor tympani